UNITS OF MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Units of Measurement and payment for constrution works are given in table below:

 

Sl. No.	Particulars of items	Units of measurement	Unit of payment
1	Earthwork: Excavation, filling, cutting, banking	m3	100 m3
2	Surface dressing	m2	m2
3	Cutting of trees	Number	Per number
4	Stones: quarrying, blasting	m3	m3
5	Concrete : PCC, RCC, Precast	m3	m3
6	Jail works	m2	m2
7	Damp proof course	m2	m2
8	Brick work of any description	m3	m3
9	Thin partition wall	m2	m2
10	String course, drip course, water course coping etc	m	m
11	Stone work of any description	m3	m3
12	Stone work in wall facing (thickness specified)	m2	m2
13	Wood work: truss, rafter, beam etc	m3	m3
14	Door, window shutters	m2	m2
15	Door, window fittings	Number	Per number
16	Timbering, boarding, sawing of timber, timbering of trenches, partition, etc	m2	m2
17	Steel work	Quintal	Per quintal
18	Expanded metal, fabric reinforcement, cutting angles, plates, tees	cm2	cm2
19	Threading; welding; solder of sheets	cm	Per cm
20	Iron gate, grill collapsible gate, rolling shutter	m2	m2
21	Iron railing	m	m
22	Roofing: tiled, corrugated iron, caves board (thickness specified)	m2	m2
23	Centering, shuttering	m2	m2
24	Ridges; valleys; gutters (girth given)	m	m
25	Expansion and contraction joints	m	m
26	Ceiling timber, A.C. sheet, board, etc	m2	m2
27	Plastering; pointing; white washing; distempering; painting; varnishing; polishing; coal tarring; removing of paints	m2	m2
28	Flooring of any kind	m2	m2
29	Pipes, laying of pipes	m	m
30	Dismantling of brick masonry	m3	m3
31	Grouting	m2	m2
32	Grouting of cracks, joints	m	m
33	Supply of sand; brick ballast; aggregates; timber	m3	m3
34	Supply of cement	Bag	Per bag
35	Supply of steel, G.I. sheet, bare electric line	Quintal	Per quintal
36	Supply of GI sheet	m2	m2
37	Supply of sanitary items	Number	Per number
38	Supply of paint, varnishes	Litre	Per litre
39	Supply of explosives, stiff paint	Kg	Per kg

 

zaha hadid : architecture of form

THE OUTLINE


1)Introduction
2)Literature Review
3)Research Methodology
4)The results & findings
5)Conclusion


















you can see the pdf from the link given below :

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BzBut_hkLjJiQkVYYUl5RnZHYWs



thank you 

Poll on reform of the election process for the President of the Council of Architecture

Poll on reform of the election process for the President of the Council of Architecture

 

Each one of us, who call ourselves as an Architect in India, earn this right to call ourselves so legally, when we get registered in the register of Council of Architecture, popularly known as COA, The COA is a body corporate by the Government of India under the provisions of the Architects Act, 1972, enacted by the Parliament of India, which came into force on 1 September 1972.

The Act provides for registration of Architects, standards of education, recognised qualifications and standards of practice to be complied with by the practising Architects.

The Council of Architecture is charged with the responsibility to regulate the education and practice of profession throughout India besides maintaining the register of Architects.

For this purpose, the Government of India has framed Rules and COA has framed Regulations as provided for in the Architects Act, with the approval of Government of India.
The President and the Vice-President of the COA are elected by the members of the Council from among themselves:

An elected President or Vice-President of the COA shall hold office for a term of three years or till s/he ceases to be a member of the COA, whichever is earlier, but subject to his/her being a member of the COA, s/he shall be eligible for re-election:

The President, COA, is elected by

1. Five Architects possessing recognised qualifications elected by the Indian Institute of Architects from among its members
2. Two representatives of the AICTE as nominated by GOI
3. Five Architects elected among themselves by head of Institutions all over India
4. The Chief Architects in the Ministries of the Central Government to which the Government business relating to defence and railways has been allotted and head of the Architectural Organisation in the Central Public Works Department, ex officio
5. One person nominated by the Central Government;
6. An Architect from each State nominated by the Government of that state.
7. Two persons nominated by the Institution of Engineers, India, from among its members; and
8. One person nominated by the Institution of Surveyors of India from among its members.

Hence summarised

• IIA is not represented by even one out of ten Architects in India, and has same people repeating themselves with all the benefits on various posts, leading to ideological bankruptcy and status quo within the members over the years, IIA sessions are more famous for the <fraternity get together> than meaningful discussions or consensus on needed reforms and paths in Architecture field in India.

• The Directors of Institutes, respond to who is closer to whom, with best probabilities to win. The heads of institutions never go for any form of consensus within the faculty or students, to inform, the merits or demerits of particular decision to vote. The vote is a personal favour, to be reversed at appropriate time.

• The heads of different Government organisations are handpicked by Government, hence have minimal information or mandate on ground issues to be tackled in education or practice, as they are representing govt. voice, not voice of Architects or Architecture students.

In totality the COA's most powerful post is elected between a fixed set of people, totally bypassing the nationwide representation of practising and teaching fraternity, and student representatives all over the nation.

The President, COA, if elected directly through nationwide voting within Architecture fraternity will have following benefits.

• The President shall have to be an inspiring Architect to be able to glue the entire fraternity, not someone elected through backdoor of procedures within same set of people repeating themselves through lobbying.
• The President will have to openly listen to nationwide representation in open manner
• The elected President will not be answerable to any lobby hence independent being
• The COA will open door to all the outsiders, who may think to have chance to represent COA at the highest level, without being part of politics of IIA or other organisation
• The issue of Architecture fraternity will come in front of all the Architects, hence discussions will be more open and policy will not be made entirely closed doors, with few selected people
• The failure and success of COA will be openly debated in each election

This poll is theoretical proposition of electing the President, COA, directly through a nationwide election, voted by Architects all over the nation and student representatives.

TOP REQUIREMENTS OF STAIRS FOR BUILDING

Requirements of Good Stairs

Components of Stairs

A good stair should provide an easy, quick and safe mode of communication between the various floors of the building. General requirements of good stairs are as mentioned below.

1. Location

It should preferably be located centrally, ensuring sufficient light and ventilation.

2. Width of Stair

The width of stairs for public buildings should be 1.8 m and for residential buildings 0.9 m.

3. Length

The flight of the stairs should be restricted to a maximum of 12 and minimum of 3 steps.

4. Pitch of Stair

The pitch of long stairs should be made flatter by introducing landing. The slope should not exceed 400 and should not be less than 250.

5. Head Room

The distance between the tread and soffit of the flight immediately above it, should not be less than 2.1 to 2.3 m. This much of height is maintained so that a tall person can use the stairs with some luggage on its head.

6. Materials

Stairs should be constructed using fire resisting materials. Materials also should have sufficient strength to resist any impact.

7. Balustrade

All open well stairs should be provided with balustrades, to avoid accidents. In case of wide stairs it should be provided with hand rails on both sides.

8. Landing

The width of the landing should not be less than the width of the stair.

9. Winders

These should be avoided and if found necessary, may be provided at lower end of the flight.

WHEN TO USE WHAT GRADE OF MASONRY MORTAR?

 

From durability point of view, the grade of masonry mortar to be used for a given work is primarily dependent upon the following two factors.

• Loading condition
• Exposure condition

masonry mortar

Considering the above two factors the suitable grade of masonry mortar to be used for different works is given in the following table. Generally cement mortar is used for most of the cases, therefore corresponding to the grade, proportion of cement mortar (i.e. cement to sand ratio) is also shown in the below table for a quick reference.

Type of Work vs Grade of Masonry

Type of Work	Grade of Masonry Mortar	Corresponding Cement : Sand ratio
Masonry exposed to rain but protected by plaster	MM 0.7 (minimum), MM 2 (preferable)	1.:8 to 1:7
Masonry exposed to rain but not protected by plaster	MM 2 (minimum)	1:7
Load bearing wall	MM 0.5 (minimum), MM 0.7 (preferable)	1:8
For foundation work laid below damp proof course (Soil having little moisture)	MM 0.7 (minimum)	1:8
For foundation work laid below damp proof course (Very damp soil)	MM 0.7 (minimum), MM 2 (preferable)	1:8 to 1:7
For foundation work laid below damp proof course (Saturated soil)	MM 2 (minimum) MM 3 (preferable)	1:7 to 1:6
Building subject to vibration of machine	MM 3 (minimum)	1:6
For parapet wall (where height is greater than thrice the thickness)	MM 3 (minimum)	1:6
For parapet wall (where height is less than thrice the thickness)	As used in the wall
Bedding joints with large concrete block	MM 3 (minimum)	1:6

 

Types of Cement – Uses and Composition of Various Types of Cements

 There are various types of cement used in construction works for various purposes. Thus, it is important to understand properties of each types of cement and their uses.

Types of Cement, their Composition and Uses

The following are the types of cement that are in practice:

1. Rapid Hardening Cement
2. Quick setting cement
3. Low Heat Cement
4. Sulphates resisting cement
5. Blast Furnace Slag Cement
6. High Alumina Cement
7. White Cement
8. Coloured cement
9. Pozzolanic Cement
10. Air Entraining Cement
11. Hydrographic cement

Table below shows different types of cement, their composition and uses:

Types of Cement	Composition	Purpose
Rapid Hardening Cement	Increased Lime content	Attains high strength in early days it is used in concrete where form work are removed at an early stage.
Quick setting cement	Small percentage of aluminium sulphate as an accelerator and reducing percentage of Gypsum with fine grinding	Used in works is to be completed in very short period and concreting in static and running water
Low Heat Cement	Manufactured by reducing tricalcium aluminate	It is used in massive concrete construction like gravity dams
Sulphates resisting Cement	It is prepared by maintaining the percentage of tricalcium aluminate below 6% which increases power against sulphates	It is used in construction exposed to severe sulphate action by water and soil in places like canals linings, culverts, retaining walls, siphons etc.,
Blast Furnace Slag Cement	It is obtained by grinding the clinkers with about 60% slag and resembles more or less in properties of Portland cement	It can used for works economic considerations is predominant.
High Alumina Cement	It is obtained by melting mixture of bauxite and lime and grinding with the clinker it is rapid hardening cement with initial and final setting time of about 3.5 and 5 hours respectively	It is used in works where concrete is subjected to high temperatures, frost, and acidic action.
White Cement	It is prepared from raw materials free from Iron oxide.	It is more costly and is used for architectural purposes such as precast curtain wall and facing panels, terrazzo surface etc.,
Coloured cement	It is produced by mixing mineral pigments with ordinary cement.	They are widely used for decorative works in floors
Pozzolanic Cement	It is prepared by grinding pozzolanic clinker with Portland cement	It is used in marine structures, sewage works, sewage works and for laying concrete under water such as bridges, piers, dams etc.,
Air Entraining Cement	It is produced by adding indigenous air entraining agents such as resins, glues, sodium salts of Sulphates etc during the grinding of clinker.	This type of cement is specially suited to improve the workability with smaller water cement ratio and to improve frost resistance of concrete.
Hydrographic cement	It is prepared by mixing water repelling chemicals	This cement has high workability and strength